{"id":14702,"date":"2012-12-02T17:44:02","date_gmt":"2012-12-02T16:44:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ocasapiens-dweb.blogautore.repubblica.it\/?p=14702"},"modified":"2021-09-21T23:06:58","modified_gmt":"2021-09-21T21:06:58","slug":"spatlese","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/2012\/12\/02\/spatlese\/","title":{"rendered":"Sp\u00e4tlese"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v491\/n7426\/images\/cover_nature.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>Da\u00a0<em>Nature<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nTitolo copiato da <em>The Economist<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.economist.com\/node\/7852924\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>2006<\/strong><\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.economist.com\/node\/21533360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>2011<\/strong><\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.economist.com\/blogs\/freeexchange\/2012\/07\/global-warming\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>2012<\/strong><\/a> tanto per smentire i <a href=\"http:\/\/www.skepticalscience.com\/latest-pre-bunked-denialist-letter-in-lieu-of-science.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>soliti deniers<\/strong><\/a>:<br \/>\n&#8211;<strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/491637b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">editoriale<\/a> <\/strong>ottimista, forse la maggior efficienza energetica \u00a0far\u00e0 &#8220;guadagnare tempo&#8221; per i tagli alle emissioni di gas serra;<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">&#8211; quattro articoli su Doha e dintorni: il prot. di Kyoto come &#8220;<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/491656a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>aria fritta<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">&#8221; e sua<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/491653a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <strong>eredit\u00e0<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">; combustibili fossili <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/491654a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>a gogo<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">; chi si prepara a un <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/adapting-to-a-warmer-world-no-going-back-1.11906\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>mondo pi\u00f9 caldo<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">&#8211; una <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v491\/n7426\/full\/nature11574.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>rassegna<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\"> delle ricerche\u00a0sulla sensibilit\u00e0 del paleoclima negli ultimi 65 milioni di anni (no surprise: 2,2 &#8211; 4,8 kelvin per raddoppio della CO2); Thompson et al. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v491\/n7426\/full\/nature11579.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>calcolano<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\"> le temperature medie in stratosfera tra il 1979 e il 2005 da dati satellitari e ottengono una divergenza rispetto al calo ottenuto con altri dati satellitari;<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">(<\/span><strong>A proposito<\/strong><br \/>\nI <em>PNAS<\/em> anticipano il <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/early\/2012\/11\/28\/1210514109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>paper<\/strong><\/a> di Ben Santer et al. sull&#8217;impronta del risc. glob antropogenico sulle temperature, con brontolii sull&#8217;ottimismo dei modelli<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>After removing all global mean signals, model fingerprints remain identifiable in 70% of the tests involving tropospheric temperature changes. Despite such agreement in the large-scale features of model and observed geographical patterns of atmospheric temperature change, most models do not replicate the size of the observed changes. On average, the models analyzed underestimate the observed cooling of the lower stratosphere and overestimate the warming of the troposphere. Although the precise causes of such differences are unclear, model biases in lower stratospheric temperature trends are likely to be reduced by more realistic treatment of stratospheric ozone depletion and volcanic aerosol forcing.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">E&#8217; un approfondimento di <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.agu.org\/pubs\/crossref\/2012\/2012GL053389.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>questo paper<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">, insomma, sale in meno.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">&#8211; devo ancora leggere la <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v491\/n7426\/full\/nature11593.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>ricostruzione<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\"> di 150 mila anni di livello del mare collegato all&#8217;andazzo delle\u00a0calotte glaciali in Antartide e Groenlandia; per le proiezioni del livello prossimo venturo, vedi <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/tamino.wordpress.com\/2012\/12\/01\/sea-level-rise-faster-than-projected\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Tamino<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">; per la massa persa da quelle calotte tra il 1992 e il 2011, vedi il paper che dicevo su <\/span><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/content\/338\/6111\/1183.short\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Science<\/strong><\/a>;<\/em><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">&#8211; CarbonSat dell&#8217;ESA <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/space-budget-blow-to-climate-science-1.11899\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>rischia<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\"> di essere cancellato per via della crisi economica, vedi anche <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/content\/338\/6111\/1135.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><strong>Science<\/strong><\/em><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">; per i dati meteo da radiofrequenze invece, gli USA potrebbero varare <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/microsatellites-aim-to-fill-weather-data-gap-1.11903\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Cicero<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">, una flotta di 24 microsatelliti, come proseguimento di <\/span><a href=\"\/\/www.cosmic.ucar.edu\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Cosmic<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">&#8211; in open access il <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v491\/n7426\/full\/nature11579.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>genoma<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\"> ancora grezzo del frumento <\/span><em><a href=\"http:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triticum_aestivum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Triticum aestivum<\/strong><\/a><\/em><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\"> (94-96 mila geni, mica paglia) e <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v491\/n7426\/full\/nature11543.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>quello<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\"> dell&#8217;orzo <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hordeum_vulgare\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><strong>Hordeum vulgare<\/strong><\/em><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\"> (forse attorno agli 80 mila, <\/span><em>idem<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">).<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">Da <\/span><em>Science<\/em><br \/>\n&#8211; lo sbarbatello <a href=\"http:\/\/watarts.uwaterloo.ca\/~celiasmi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Chris Eliasmith<\/strong><\/a> e sei ricercatori del suo\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/ctn.uwaterloo.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Centro di neuroscienze teoriche<\/strong><\/a> all&#8217;univ. di Waterloo (Ontario, mica Belgio) hanno costruito un modello al computer del cervello umano, chiamato\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/content\/338\/6111\/1202.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Spaun<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a0con 2,5 milioni di neuroni. Spaun riesce a imitare\/imparare otto attivazioni motorie di un cervello in carne ed ossa, per cos\u00ec dire, e a far riprodurre a un braccio (sempre simulato) caratteri scritti a mano e a macchina, <a href=\"http:\/\/nengo.ca\/build-a-brain\/spaunvideos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>video<\/strong><\/a> per increduli. Strabiliante, anche se gli autori fanno i modesti:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>However, Spaun has little to say about how that complex, dynamical system develops from birth. Furthermore, Spaun has many other limitations that distinguish it from developed brains. For one, Spaun is not as adaptive as a real brain, as the model is unable to learn completely new tasks. In addition, both attention and eye position of the model is fixed, making Spaun unable to control its own input. Also, its perceptual and conceptual representations are largely limited to the space of digits from 0 to 9.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">Si scusano, addirittura:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>Anatomically, many areas of the brain are missing from the model. Those that are included have too few neurons and perform only a subset of functions found in their respective areas. Physiologically, the variability of spiking in the model is not always reflective of the variability observed in real brains (table S3). However, we believe that, as available computational power increases, many of these limitations can be overcome via the same methods as those used to construct Spaun.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Da\u00a0Nature Titolo copiato da The Economist 2006, 2011, 2012 tanto per smentire i soliti deniers: &#8211; editoriale ottimista, forse la maggior efficienza energetica \u00a0far\u00e0 &#8220;guadagnare tempo&#8221; per i tagli alle emissioni di gas serra; &#8211; quattro articoli su Doha e dintorni: il prot. di Kyoto come &#8220;aria fritta&#8221; e sua eredit\u00e0; combustibili fossili a gogo;&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/2012\/12\/02\/spatlese\/\">Continua a leggere <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Sp\u00e4tlese<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,22],"tags":[1427,2034,4725,4794,6166,6439],"class_list":["post-14702","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clima","category-neuroscienze","tag-clima","tag-doha","tag-nature","tag-neuroscienze-teoriche","tag-science","tag-spaun","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14702","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14702"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14702\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":41198,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14702\/revisions\/41198"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14702"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14702"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14702"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}