![\"\"](\"http:\/\/newenergytimes.com\/v2\/sr\/RossiECat\/img\/March2011\/Essen-Kullander-Levi-Bianchini-Rossi-Levi-ByKullander.jpg\")
\nViste le bufale tuttora sparate sui soliti blog, forum e pagine FB a proposito dei test dell’e-cat nel dicembre 2012 e nel marzo 2013, invito a leggere il resoconto scritto un mese dopo da\u00a0Bo\u00a0H\u00f6istad, in cui ricorda quello che aveva potuto osservare insieme a tre colleghi.<\/p>\n
Invito anche a confrontarlo con la prima<\/a>, seconda<\/a> e terza<\/a><\/strong> versione del TPR in cui sono riportate cifre basate unicamente sul\u00a0Levi dixit<\/em>. Infatti gli svedesi non hanno mai ricevuto le registrazioni e i dati grezzi che nel resoconto dicevano di aspettare.<\/p>\n Che Giuseppe Levi abbia usato male il PCE 830<\/a><\/strong> significa soltanto che ha usato di nuovo un\u00a0pettine<\/strong><\/a>, sostenendo che si tratta di una sveglia, al posto di un calzascarpe.<\/p>\n Ma la disonest\u00e0 di fondo, per me, non sta nei dati falsificati e soppressi o nella bibliografia menzognera del TPR, ma nel fatto che sette svedesi abbiano ricevuto un “sostegno finanziario” dall’agenzia Elforsk<\/a>, dall’Esercito<\/a> di Sua Maest\u00e0 e da fondi destinati ad aiutare bambini poveri, per “partecipare” al test e riferirne i risultati. E’ un documento ufficiale. Eccolo.<\/p>\n Bo\u00a0H\u00f6istad,\u00a0April\u00a024,\u00a02013 Introduction<\/strong> ***<\/p>\n Foto: New Energy Times<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Viste le bufale tuttora sparate sui soliti blog, forum e pagine FB a proposito dei test dell’e-cat nel dicembre 2012 e nel marzo 2013, invito a leggere il resoconto scritto un mese dopo da\u00a0Bo\u00a0H\u00f6istad, in cui ricorda quello che aveva potuto osservare insieme a tre colleghi. Invito anche a confrontarlo con la prima, seconda e… Continua a leggere Kall fusion VII<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[437,924,946,2088,2852,3090,3266,3889,6024,6635,6825],"class_list":["post-24055","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bufala","tag-andrea-rossi","tag-bjorn-galnander","tag-bo-hoistad","tag-e-cat","tag-fusione-fredda","tag-giuseppe-levi","tag-hanno-essen","tag-lars-tegner","tag-roland-pettersson","tag-sven-kullander","tag-thomas-hartman","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24055","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24055"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24055\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":42407,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24055\/revisions\/42407"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24055"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24055"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24055"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nNon solo per regalarsi in quattro una gita a Ferrara e firmare in cinque uno scritto concordato da Levi con un cliente privato.<\/p>\n
\nReport from an E-cat Measurements in Ferrara, March 18-23, 2013
\nH. Ess\u00e9n, B. G\u00e5lnander, T. Hartman, B. H\u00f6istad, R. Pettersson, S. Kullander and L. Tegn\u00e9r<\/p>\n
\nAndrea Rossi claims to have invented an apparatus that can produce much more energy per unit weight of fuel than can be obtained from\u00a0 known chemical processes. His invention is referred to as an energy catalyser\u00a0 named\u00a0\u00a0 E-cat. The original idea behind Rossi\u2019s invention goes back to experiments\u00a0 done\u00a0 in the nineties\u00a0 by Prof\u00a0 S. Focardi at Bologna University\u00a0 and collaborators,\u00a0\u00a0 in which work\u00a0 they claimed to have observed an anomalous heat production in a hydrogen loaded nickel rod\u00a0 [1-2] . Later an experiment [3] was carried out by S. Focardi and A. Rossi\u00a0 using an apparatus with\u00a0 a sealed container holding\u00a0 nickel powder plus unknown additives\u00a0 pressurized with hydrogen gas. When the container was heated, substantial heat was produced in excess of the input heat. They speculated that a cold fusion has taken place in order to explain the large amount of excess heat. The E-cat is a further development of this apparatus, which also has undergone many construction improvements during the last two years, in particular with the aim to obtain a commercial product. Experiments have been performed meanwhile at different occasions, but so far no clear independent verification of the functionality of the E-cat has been achieved until Dec 2012 when Prof. G Levi\u00a0 at Bologna University and M.Sc. E. Foschi made an independent careful test of the E-cat reactor.
\nTheir preliminary result indicated that the E-cat indeed gave an energy output which was about a factor 4 larger than the supplied heat. They now performed a second test experiment with the E-cat, with improved instrumentation for accurate monitoring the input and output powers during the experiment. Levi has invited a group of researchers at TSL ( B G\u00e5lnander, T Hartman, R Pettersson) and a reference group of senior researchers ( H Essen, B H\u00f6istad, S Kullander and , L Tegn\u00e9r) to participate in this test experiment with the aim to check that the experiment is done under controlled manner so that any obtained results can be trustworthy.\u00a0 It should be emphasized that the measurement must be done with high accuracy and reliability\u00a0 so that any possible excess heat production can be established\u00a0 beyond any doubt, since no known processes exist which can explain any abundant heat production in the E-cat reactor.
\nThe experimental set up<\/strong>
\nThe experimental set-up was designed by Levi and the experiment took place in Rossi\u2019s new experimental and assembly hall at Via della Commercio in Ferrara.\u00a0\u00a0 The E-cat reactor consisted of an outer cylindrical steel tube of thickness 0.2 cm , length 35 cm and diameter 8.5 cm. In one end of the outer tube there was a flange of diameter 20 cm and thickness 1 cm.\u00a0 Inside the outer tube there was a ceramic material holding an arrangement of\u00a0 2 heating resistor wires surrounding an inner steel tube of thickness 0.5 cm, length\u00a0 33 cm\u00a0 and diameter\u00a0 3 cm. The inner tube volume was 88 cm3. Inside this inner tube the charge was placed, i.e. the nickel powder with some additives and some compound containing hydrogen.\u00a0 The weight of the loaded E-cat reactor was 10569.2 g
\nThe reactor was connected to a dedicated power supply system, which gave the heat to the heating resistors as well as generating some electric pulses to the reactor. Also there was a temperature gauge measuring the temperature inside the E-cat at some point. This gauge was connected to a thermostat controller in the power supply so that this inside temperature could be kept between a maximum and a minimum value.\u00a0 The E-cat reactor was placed in a steel frame during the run and monitored with two IR- cameras detecting the radiation from the surface of the outer reactor tube. The temperature of the tube could be deduced at all positions of the tube. The input power to the power supply system was monitored by an independent power meter instrument arranged by Levi. The only parts supplied by Rossi were the reactor itself and the power supply box.
\nAll external instrumentation was supplied by Levi, except for a thermocouple temperature probe (K-type) brought from Uppsala. This was an important tool to check the emissivity of the black painted reactor tube. All data from the 116 hour run were recorded for final analyses.
\nSome details of the detector equipment and the experimental\u00a0 procedure<\/strong>
\nThe run started March 18 in the afternoon and kept on going without any breaks until March 23. The temperature of the E-cat reactor was very stable at all times. In the end of the run the inner tube was removed from the E-cat and the inner tube was cut open to remove the powder. The actual removal of the reactor powder was done by Rossi in a special closed room. The weight of the inner tube was measured with and without the powder, and was found to be 1522.9 g and 1522.4 g respectively. The powder removed was thus only 0.5 g.
\nThe radiation level was checked outside the reactor during the run and was found to be the same as the room background. After the run the radiation level was also checked on the inner tube and even on the powder itself, and no level of radiation could be found.
\nThe Infrared Cameras ( type\u00a0 Optris PI-160) were calibrated and also checked with boiling water. The electric input to the power supply box was checked and monitored during the whole run with a PCE-830 Power and Harmonic Analyzer.
\nThe emissivity of the outer\u00a0 tube surface was checked with a thermocouple temperature probe attached directly to the tube, which enabled a comparison of the temperature reading from the IR cameras and the temperature probe. This check was done after the run when the tube was cooling down. The emissivity 0.8 of the outer\u00a0 reactor tube surface was then confirmed.
\nVery preliminary results<\/strong>
\nDuring the run several intermittent observations of temperatures and power consumptions were made. We can use some of these values to make a very preliminary estimate of the performance of the E-cat reactor. The parameters we need to determine are simply the input power and the output power in order to find out if there is some extra heat being generated by the reactor powder.
\nThe input power could be read off by the power analyzer and was found to be very stable around\u00a0 930 W during the whole run. However, the power was only delivered in time intervals of some minutes, and we measured the duty factor to be about 35%.\u00a0 Accordingly the mean input power was 325 W. The output power is transferred away by IR radiation and convection. Assuming blackbody radiation, we can calculate the radiative power from the expression\u00a0 P = \u03b5 \u00b7A \u00b7\u03c3 \u00b7 T4\u00a0 Watt, where \u03b5 is the emissivity, A is the radiative area, \u03c3 is Stefan- Boltzmans constant ; \u03b5 = 5.6705 \u00b710-8\u00a0 W m-2\u00a0 (Kelvin-4), and T is the temperature in Kelvin. The temperature of the outer reactor tube was found be stable around the average value 330 \u00b0 C. A variation of about 10 degrees around this value was observed, with the same time period as the on-off cycle from the power supply box. Since the temperature varied over the surface , by being higher in the centre and lower towards the ends, the effective area A was set as a crude estimate to 80% of the geometrical area of the tube, i.e. 0.09356 m2. The emissivity was measured to be 0.8. With these parameters the output radiative power becomes\u00a0 449 W. From this value the ingoing radiation from the room should then be subtracted. With a room temperature of 17\u00b0 we get Pin\u00a0 = 30 W. The net output radiative power is thus 419 W.
\nThe output power from convection can be calculate from the relation Q = h \u00b7 area \u00b7\u0394T , where\u00a0 the area is as above and h is a constant estimated by Levi to be 10.64\u00a0 W\/m2K.\u00a0 \u0394T is the temperature difference between the outer reactor tube and the room temperature. With these parameter values one gets\u00a0 Q = 250 W. This number is uncertain due to the flange on one side of the reactor tube. The real value is probably higher.
\nAccordingly, the total output power becomes 669 W (419+250), which thus is larger than the input power by 344 W (669-325). We thus have indeed an excess power of 344 W produced in this E-cat run. The ratio of the output to input power, the so called COP factor becomes 669\/325 = 2.1.
\nAssuming that these conditions were prevalent during the whole run of 116 hours, the net energy produced is 40 kWh. This is far beyond what is possible to obtain by chemical combustion of any material of the same volume where the reactor charge is contained, i.e. 88 cm3. As a comparison, a chemical combustion of\u00a0 88 cm3 octane gives only about 0.8 kWh. The heat produced becomes even more dramatic since the weight of the used nickel powder was checked after the run and was found to be only 0.5 \u00b1 0.1 g.
\nCrude estimates of errors<\/strong>
\nOne critical aspect of the estimate of the net power output amounting to 344 W is to estimate the error s in the measured values. This estimate will be subjected to a careful analyses from the recorded data. Meanwhile we can make some crude preliminary estimates.
\nLet us assume, tentatively and very conservatively, that we have a error of\u00a0 5% in the temperature measurement, i.e. 330 \u00b1 16 degrees\u00a0 C, then the net output power will be in the interval\u00a0 344 \u00b1 62 W, and the COP factor will be in the interval 2.1 \u00b1 0.2.
\nAssume also an error in the measurement of the input power by 5% , i.e. 325 \u00b116 W, and we get the net power in the interval 344 \u00b1 16 W and the COP factor in the interval 2.1 \u00b1 0.1.
\nAssume now that these two errors combine linearly we get the net power in the interval 351 \u00b1 78 W and a COP factor in the interval 2.1 \u00b1 0.3.
\nWe should also remark that there is an uncertainty in the calculated radiated power from the outer tube due to uncertainties in the emissivity outside the range in wave length used by the IR camera, i.e. 7.5 \u2013 13 ?m.\u00a0 It should be noted that our emissivity calibration yielding\u00a0 \u03b5 = 0.8, is only valid in this wave length interval. In the calculation of the radiated power above we have assumed that the emissivity is 0.8 in the whole wave length interval, i.e. from zero to infinity. Assuming\u00a0 now somewhat arbitrarily that the emissivity is 30% lower outside\u00a0 the camera range, then one can calculate\u00a0 (from e few\u00a0 numeric integrations)\u00a0 that the emitted radiative power is\u00a0 about 390 W instead of the 449 W calculated with \u03b5 = 0.8 for all wave lengths. In this case the net power produced would become merely 285 W. It is clear that this type of large uncertainty in the calculation of the radiative power has to be under control. This can fortunately be accomplished by a reference measurement, as described in the final remarks.
\nIt could finally also be interesting to calculate the temperature the outer tube would have if the electric input power would be the only heat source. In this case one expects a temperature of 206 \u00ba C, which is very much lower than the measured 330 \u00ba C.
\nFinal remarks<\/strong>
\nIn conclusion, our preliminary results indicate that there is a production of excess heat in the present E-cat reactor, which is hard to disregard from within any reasonable errors in the measurements. Moreover, the accumulated energy over the 116 hours of running time coming from the reactor powder is in the range\u00a0 31 \u2013 49\u00a0 kWh when the net power production is\u00a0 in the interval 344 \u00b1 78 W. This is more than 50 times more than can be expected from any\u00a0 known chemical burning.
\nA reference measurement of the heat balance in an equivalent E-cat reactor not loaded with the reactor powder is certainly desired. Such a measurement is now performed and will be evaluated in detail shortly. This reference measurement is particularly important in order to reduce the possible error in the radiated power determination due to the uncertainties in the emissivity. Preliminary results from this reference measurement shows that an input power of about 810 W gives a temperature of 330 on the outer tube. This measurement was also checked by the use of the thermocouple temperature probe. This\u00a0 means that our assumption about ?= 0.8 in the whole wave length region is approximately correct, i.e. our power calculation is then also approximately correct. Note that the number 810 W is larger than our calculated 669 W, assuming an effective radiation area of 80% of the geometrical area. If we instead had assumed an effective area of 96 % the calculated number would have been the same\u00a0 810 W.
\nSince the generated heat from an active E-cat is much larger than can be expected from any known chemical process, it is tempting to consider nuclear transitions as the source for the heat. However, since any nuclear transitions in the E-cat environment are extremely improbable, any prevailing nuclear reaction must be experimentally verified directly by detecting the final nuclear products of such a nuclear transition.
\nThe complete set of available data will now be analyzed in great detail, and be presented in a detailed report.
\nAt last it should\u00a0 be pointed out that a measurement using a calorimetric set-up would\u00a0 be more accurate than the present measurement based on the detection of the emitted IR radiation, which was an adaption to the present high temperature E-cat.
\nAcknowledgements<\/strong>
\nFinancial support from Alba Langenski\u00f6ld Foundation<\/a>, ELFORSK AB\u00a0 and Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV)\u00a0 for our participation in the E-cat test experiment is gratefully acknowledged.
\nReferences<\/strong>
\n[1]\u00a0 S. Focardi,\u00a0 R. Habel and\u00a0 F. Piantelli,\u00a0 Nuovo Cimento (Brief Notes) 107A (1994) 163.
\n[2]\u00a0 S. Focardi et al., Nuovo Cimento 111A (1998) 1233.
\n[3]\u00a0 S. Focardi and A. Rossi, internal report, 2010.<\/p>\n