{"id":26976,"date":"2015-01-15T14:18:34","date_gmt":"2015-01-15T13:18:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ocasapiens-dweb.blogautore.repubblica.it\/?p=26976"},"modified":"2021-10-16T16:40:44","modified_gmt":"2021-10-16T14:40:44","slug":"misteri-profondi-os-digest","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/2015\/01\/15\/misteri-profondi-os-digest\/","title":{"rendered":"Misteri profondi &#8211; O&#039;s digest"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.birdsofoklahoma.net\/images\/CommonWhitetail2234.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><br \/>\nSu <em>Nature<\/em>, oltre all&#8217;editoriale in difesa della <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/517243a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scienza e della satira<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0che citavo l&#8217;altro ieri, <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/517244a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep mysteries<\/a><\/strong> riguarda quello che i ricercatori non sanno e vorrebbero sapere degli oceani:<\/p>\n<p><em>It is the ultimate metaphor for the unknown: the deep; the depths; the abyss. The ocean is our ultimate ancestral home and a constant and alluring source of opportunity, danger and mystery.<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Certainly, those scientists who spend their careers peering into the seven seas are quick to dredge up the idea that we know more about celestial bodies than we do about the oceans. Who can blame them when outer space grabs the attention? Witness the interest in the Rosetta comet mission or last week\u2019s announcement of more exoplanets \u2014 now counted in the hundreds \u2014 which received wall-to-wall press coverage.<\/em><br \/>\nLa copertura mediatica si concentra sui disastri come l&#8217;aereo inabissato della Malaysia Airlines, e abbiamo una percezione ingiustificata delle &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/ocean-calamities-oversold-say-researchers-1.16714\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calamit\u00e0 oceaniche<\/a>&#8220;.<\/p>\n<p>In una vena pi\u00f9 leggera, i<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/out-of-the-bag-1.16705\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ricercatori che amano i cani<\/a> <\/strong>differiscono da quelli che amano i gatti anche nella <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/uidfinder\/10.1038\/517252a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pratica scientifica<\/a><\/strong>, pare. Ci sarebbe una contrapposizione netta,<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0\u201cOwners of dogs will have noticed that, if you provide them with food and water and shelter and affection, they will think you are god,\u201d Christopher Hitchens observed. \u201cWhereas owners of cats are compelled to realize that, if you provide them with food and water and shelter and affection, they draw the conclusion that they are god.&#8221;<\/em><br \/>\nMa<\/p>\n<p><em>as scientists know, cats and dogs have more in common than it might seem. Cats and dogs do not even have to fight like, well, cat and dog. Plenty of people own both animals, and research on these households offers some advice: get the cat first, and get both while they are young.<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Don\u2019t fancy either? Then take inspiration from Winston Churchill. \u201cI am fond of pigs,\u201d he said. \u201cDogs look up to us. Cats look down on us. Pigs treat us as equals.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">*<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Come segnala Riccardo, nella &#8220;<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/the-focus-on-bibliometrics-makes-papers-less-useful-1.16706\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">world view<\/a><\/strong>&#8221; Richard Werner sottolinea gli effetti negativi della valutazione della ricerca basata sulla bibliometria<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>How do we recognize a good scientist? There is an entire industry\u00a0\u2014 bibliometrics\u00a0\u2014 that would have us believe that it is easy: count journal articles, sort them according to the impact factors of the journals, and count all the citations.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">I ricercatori sono quasi tutti critici, compresi quelli che producono strumenti bibliometrici, ma agli amministratori usare indici semplifica la vita e para le spalle. Basta fingere che gli indici non siano gonfiabili o falsificabili.<\/p>\n<p><em>As the tyranny of bibliometrics tightens its grip, it is having a disastrous effect on the model of science presented to young researchers. For example, a master\u2019s student of mine moved to a renowned research institute for his PhD. Like many institutes, this one boasts of its performance in terms of publications in high-impact journals. So my student was told: \u201cIf you cannot write up your research in a form suitable for\u00a0Nature\u00a0or\u00a0Science\u00a0or\u00a0Physical Review Letters, don\u2019t bother to even do it.\u201d Such advice, driven by the appeal of metrics to funders, is common but horribly misguided.<\/em><br \/>\n<em>If we raise scientists to be driven by such extrinsic motivation alone, then why should they not follow the logic to its natural conclusion, and run off to become well-paid bankers instead?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Interessanti anche i commenti.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">*<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Qualche settimana fa, si discuteva dei vantaggi o meno del biochar. <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/agriculture-state-of-the-art-soil-1.16699\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rachel Cernansky<\/a><\/strong> parla degli esperimenti in corso per verificarli sul campo e non solo in teoria. Come al solito, dipende dalle condizioni del suolo e dalle pratiche agricole locali. A volte il biochar riduce le rese, nell&#8217;insieme per\u00f2 il suo uso si sta diffondendo in tutto il mondo:<\/p>\n<p>t<em>he positive impacts of biochar seem to outweigh the negative ones. A 2011 meta-analysis<span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">\u00a0<\/span> found an overall average yield increase of 10%, rising to 14% in acidic soils. Biochar&#8217;s greatest potential might be in places where soils are degraded and fertilizer scarce, in part because it helps the soil to better retain any nutrients that it does have. Andrew Crane-Droesch at the University of California, Berkeley, has been studying the impacts of biochar in such degraded soils in western Kenya. His preliminary data suggest that farms using biochar averaged 32% higher yields than controls.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Come al solito, la produzione su vasta scala ha effetti collaterali. E&#8217; un bell&#8217;articolo da far girare nelle Ong, insieme alla\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v517\/n7534\/full\/nature13809.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meta-analisi <\/a>di Cameron Pittelkow et al. su potenziale e limiti dell&#8217;agricoltura &#8220;conservativa&#8221;, con vasta bibliografia. Non \u00e8 l&#8217;evidence che molti speravano, ma ci avviamo a essere in dieci miliardi, mica si pu\u00f2 ignorare.<\/p>\n<p>In materia di clima &#8211; tema affine &#8211; \u00a0\u00e8 anticipato on line il paper di<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v517\/n7534\/full\/nature14045.html#references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Frances Moore e Delavane Diaz<\/a><\/strong>: &#8220;Gli impatti delle temperature sullo sviluppo economico richiedono politiche stringenti di mitigazione&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Se non \u00e8 ancora ovvio per i politici, lo \u00e8 da tempo per gli assicuratori. <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com\/Documents\/20150113_ab_if_annual_climate_catastrophe_report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nel 2014<\/a><\/strong> come negli anni precedenti, i danni da &#8220;climate catastrophes&#8221; (eventi meteo estremi) sono diminuiti globalmente perch\u00e9 continuano a calare nei paesi ricchi, dove la gente \u00e8 assicurata, <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wunderground.com\/blog\/JeffMasters\/comment.html?entrynum=2895\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commento<\/a><\/strong> di Jeff Masters.<\/p>\n<p>Il paper di <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/archives\/2015\/01\/a-new-sea-level-curve\/#ITEM-18022-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carling Hay et al.<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0riguarda un metodo statistico per valutare le misure (poche e mal distribuite) dell&#8217;innalzamento del livello del mare. Dal 1900 al 1990 si \u00e8 alzato in media 1,2mm\/anno +\/-0,2. L&#8217;ultimo rapporto IPCC parla di 1,7mm per il periodo 1900-2010, ma alla fine le stime coincidono perch\u00e9 Carling Hay et al. trovano un aumento di 3mm\/anno nel 1993-2010, quasi il triplo rispetto alla media del secolo scorso. Un&#8217;altra curva a mazza da hockey, insomma.\u00a0<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/archives\/2015\/01\/a-new-sea-level-curve\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stefan Rahmstorf <\/a><\/strong>spiega il metodo e lo confronta con uno precedente<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>su Real Climate, ubi maior, anser cessat &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>In <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v517\/n7534\/images\/cover_nature.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">copertina<\/a>, una libellula <i>Plathemis lydia <\/i>(foto sopra)<i>\u00a0<\/i>dipinta con marcatori riflettenti sulla testa e sul corpo rimanda al <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v517\/n7534\/full\/nature14045.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper spettacolare<\/a><\/strong> di Matteo Mischiati et al. Hanno scoperto che si muove in modo &#8220;deliberato&#8221; &#8211; non per mero riflesso &#8211; per intercettare moscerini. Confronta i modelli della dinamica del proprio corpo e della dinamica della preda. In quella testolina ha una velocit\u00e0 e una potenza di calcolo invidiabili (da noi, come sanno i soci del fan club, la moscerina della frutta ha un&#8217;intelligenza motoria insuperabile&#8230;).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">***<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Amnesty International <a href=\"http:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/news\/nigeria-satellite-images-show-horrific-scale-boko-haram-attack-baga-2015-01-15\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ha pubblicato<\/a> le immagini satellitarie degli attacchi di Boko Haram in Nigeria &#8211; grazie a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitalglobe.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Digital Globe<\/a> di averle messe a disposizione.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">L&#8217;OMS ha pubblicato <a href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/disease\/ebola\/situation-reports\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">l&#8217;aggiornamento <\/a>su Ebola, i casi di infezione continuano a declinare.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Su Nature, oltre all&#8217;editoriale in difesa della scienza e della satira\u00a0che citavo l&#8217;altro ieri, Deep mysteries riguarda quello che i ricercatori non sanno e vorrebbero sapere degli oceani: It is the ultimate metaphor for the unknown: the deep; the depths; the abyss. The ocean is our ultimate ancestral home and a constant and alluring source&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/2015\/01\/15\/misteri-profondi-os-digest\/\">Continua a leggere <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Misteri profondi &#8211; O&#039;s digest<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,10,15,22,23],"tags":[804,861,2109,2470,4016,4548,4725,4939,6784],"class_list":["post-26976","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-altri-animali","category-clima","category-economia","category-neuroscienze","category-non-profit","tag-bibliometria","tag-biochar","tag-ebola","tag-eventi-estremi","tag-livello-dell-mare","tag-mitigazione","tag-nature","tag-oceanografia","tag-terrorismo","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26976","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26976"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26976\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":42826,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26976\/revisions\/42826"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26976"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26976"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26976"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}