{"id":29701,"date":"2016-03-23T23:30:57","date_gmt":"2016-03-23T22:30:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ocasapiens-dweb.blogautore.repubblica.it\/?p=29701"},"modified":"2021-12-06T20:34:56","modified_gmt":"2021-12-06T19:34:56","slug":"os-digest-economia-circolare","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/2016\/03\/23\/os-digest-economia-circolare\/","title":{"rendered":"O&#039;s digest &#8211; Economia circolare"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Speciale di<em> Nature<\/em> sulle 3 R &#8211; Risparmiare, Riciclare, Riusare:<br \/>\n&#8211; \u00e8 il modo migliore per aumentare sia la sostenibilit\u00e0 che l&#8217;occupazione, ridurre i consumi di energia e le emissioni di gas serra, dice\u00a0<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/531435a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Walter Stahel<\/a><\/strong>, l&#8217;architetto svizzero che ha coniato il termine &#8220;economia circolare&#8221; quarant&#8217;anni fa;<br \/>\n&#8211;<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v531\/n7595\/full\/531443a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> esempi concreti<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0dalla Rolls Royce all&#8217;agricoltura, e contraddizioni: la crescita economica si basa sulla crescita dei consumi;<br \/>\n&#8211; <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/circular-economy-lessons-from-china-1.19593\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">la Cina <\/a><\/strong>batte il record di rifiuti, ma da un decennio cerca di tagliarli (&#8220;Progress has been modest&#8221;&#8230;);<br \/>\n&#8211; in Europa invece il\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/2016\/03\/23\/share-the-repair\/\"><strong>Repair Caf\u00e9<\/strong><\/a><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>va forte;<br \/>\n&#8211; per <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/make-recycled-goods-covetable-1.19592http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/make-recycled-goods-covetable-1.19592\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bruce Hood<\/a><\/strong>, siamo psicologicamente impreparati:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>The psychological bias to value exclusivity and authenticity undermines the principles of recycling and reuse. Recycled items lack authenticity, which compromises their identity and perceived value.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Altro tipo di circolarit\u00e0 in <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v531\/n7595\/full\/nature17160.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">un paper<\/a> <\/strong>di economia comportamentale. Simon G\u00e4chter e Jonathan F. Schulz, dell&#8217;universit\u00e0 di Nottingham, hanno combinato gli indici sull&#8217;inefficienza, l&#8217;illegalit\u00e0 e la corruzione di 159 paesi fino al 2003 per creare l&#8217;indice di &#8220;prevalenza della violazione delle regole&#8221; (PRV), e in 23 paesi &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v531\/n7595\/fig_tab\/nature17160_F2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Italia compresa<\/a> &#8211; hanno fatto esperimenti con oltre 2.500 studenti ventenni. Non visti, dovevano tirare 2 volte un dado e riferire il punteggio uscito la prima volta, se dicevano 6 non ricevevano nulla, altrimenti ricevano soldi corrispondenti a \u00a0punti.<\/p>\n<p><em>Although individual dishonesty is not detectable, aggregate behaviour is informative. In an honest subject pool, all numbers occur with a probability of one-sixth and the average claim is 2.5 money units. We refer to this as the \u2018full honesty\u2019 benchmark. By contrast, in the \u2018full dishonesty\u2019 benchmark, subjects follow their material incentives and claim 5 money units.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Nei paesi con PVR bassa, gli studenti erano pi\u00f9 onesti, in quelli con PVR alta erano &#8220;disonesti giustificati&#8221; nel senso che riferivano il punteggio pi\u00f9 alto del secondo tiro, falsando la distribuzione probabilistica, ma non inventavano un 5 se avevano tirato un 3. Risultato:<\/p>\n<p><em>Given that the experiment holds the rules and incentives constant for everyone, the large differences across subject pools are also consistent with a cultural transmission of norms of honesty and rule following through the generations\u00a0and a co-evolution of norms and institutions. Societies with higher material security, as measured by Government Effectiveness, tend to be more individualist, and more individualist societies tend to have less corruption. Consistent with this, we find that subject pools from individualist societies have lower claims than subject pools from more collectivist societies and also from more traditional societies and societies with survival-related values. Further econometric analyses developed in economic literature on culture and institutions<span style=\"font-size: 11.6667px;\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>applied to PRV support the argument that both the quality of institutions, as well as culture (individualism) are highly significantly (and likely causally) correlated with PRV.<\/em><br \/>\nAnche non visti, dappertutto ci tenevano a mantenere un po&#8217; di auto-stima:<\/p>\n<p><em>Our experiments from around the globe also provide support for arguments that for many people lying is psychologically costly. More specifically, theories of honesty posit that many people are either honest, or (self-deceptively) bend rules or lie gradually to an extent that is compatible with maintaining an honest self-image. Evidence for lying aversion and honest self-concepts has been mostly confined to western societies with low PRV values. Our expanded scope of societies therefore provides important support and qualifications for the generalizability of these theories\u2014people benchmark their justifiable dishonesty with the extent of dishonesty they see in their societal environment.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>La corruzione corrompe, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v531\/n7595\/full\/nature17307.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>commenta<\/strong>,<\/a>\u00a0Shaul Shalvi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/True_polar_wander\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Vera erranza dei poli lunari<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/660\/cpsprodpb\/5462\/production\/_88920612_pressreleasefigure_2.png\" alt=\"illustration of the shifted axis of rotation\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Variazione del calore sotto la crosta lunare, immagine di James T. Keane,<strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lpl.arizona.edu\/news\/2015\/spring\/james-keane-named-recipient-2015-gerard-p-kuiper-award\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studente<\/a> <\/strong>all&#8217;universit\u00e0 dell&#8217;Arizona e uno degli autori<\/p>\n<p>Matthew Siegler et al. <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/nature.com\/articles\/doi:10.1038\/nature17166\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hanno usato<\/a><\/strong> le mappe ottenute dallo &#8220;spettroscopio orbitale a neutroni&#8221; sulla\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lpi.usra.edu\/lunar\/missions\/prospector\/overview\/index.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lunar Prospector<\/a> per <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v531\/n7595\/fig_tab\/nature17166_F1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spiegare<\/a> la localizzazione dei depositi di idrogeno nei ghiacci in fondo ai crateri a nord e a sud, dove non batte mai il Sole. Ne deducono che i poli si sono spostati di circa 5,5-6\u00b0, forse per colpa di vulcani attivi miliardi di anni fa nell&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oceanus_Procellarum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oceanus Procellarum<\/a>, che hanno favorito una &#8220;ridistribuzione della massa&#8221; della Luna. Anche se \u00a0risultati della missione <a href=\"http:\/\/lcross.arc.nasa.gov\/observation.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LCROSS<\/a> \u00a0sembrano confermare il loro modello, scrivono, ci sono altre ipotesi<\/p>\n<p><em>Lunar True Polar Wander of varying age, magnitude and direction has been previously suggested on the basis of topography, gravity and remnant magnetism.<\/em><br \/>\nMorale:<br \/>\nIn situ<em><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">\u00a0measurements, sample return and high-resolution orbital geochemistry measurements could differentiate plausible True Polar Wonder scenarios.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">*<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Dall&#8217;<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/531413a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">editoriale<\/a><\/strong> sui politici cinesi ai quali non si possono fare domande, in particolare se si \u00e8 giornalista, sono loro a decidere quale informazioni dare ai cittadini:<\/p>\n<p><em>The Chinese state media have been quick to point to the current US presidential race as a clear sign of the \u2018malfunction\u2019 of democracy, because people \u2018vote to vent\u2019, not to choose a good leader. But China holds tightly to another goal as well \u2014 scientific development and innovation \u2014 for which free questioning and open debate are essential. Restricting the ability to ask questions does not work for that.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/531414a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In Turchia<\/a> non va molto meglio, gli universitari che hanno firmato una petizione chiedendo al governo di riprendere le trattative di pace con i curdi, sono stati cacciati o imprigionati &#8211; come i giornalisti:<\/p>\n<p><em>While appreciating the urgency of a call to peace, many scientists and academics themselves have reservations about the petition, seeing it as unhelpfully confrontational and even intellectually dishonest. But many have still bravely spoken up for the freedom of expression of the signatories.<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Turkey\u2019s recently formed Science Academy published a strongly supportive statement in January. \u201cThe right to express one\u2019s opinions \u2014 even if these might be annoying or minority views \u2014 is an essential freedom of every citizen and every academic,\u201d it said. The academy should know \u2014 it was created by those who resigned en masse from the Turkish Academy of Sciences when Erdo?an took it over by decree in 2011. Scientists everywhere should use their pens and send their support.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">*<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/set-up-a-self-retraction-system-for-honest-errors-1.19619\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daniele Fanelli <\/a><\/strong>suggerisce di chiamare &#8220;auto-ritrattazione&#8221; il ritiro di un paper chiesto dagli autori quando si accorgono di &#8220;errori onesti&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">*<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Il Karolinska Institute ha licenziato Paolo Macchiarini, <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/prestigious-karolinska-institute-dismisses-controversial-trachea-surgeon-1.19629\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scrive<\/a><\/strong> Alison Abbott, lui nega tutte le accuse e annuncia che far\u00e0 causa.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">***<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bont\u00e0 loro<\/strong><br \/>\nIl paper-fiume di Jim Hansen e altri famosi climatologi, dal titolo-fiume anch&#8217;esso<\/p>\n<p><em>Ice Melt, Sea Level Rise and Superstorms: Evidence from Paleoclimate Data, Climate Modeling, and Modern Observations that 2\u00b0C Global Warming is Dangerous <\/em><\/p>\n<p>esiste ora in versione <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/csas.ei.columbia.edu\/2016\/03\/22\/abbreviation-of-ice-melt-paper\/\">abbreviata<\/a><\/strong>, e c&#8217;\u00e8 pure una presentazione video <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=JP-cRqCQRc8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ultra-breve <\/a><\/strong>(un quarto d&#8217;ora, Jim H. ha di nuovo la barba)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">***<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8220;La setta di Hamer colpisce ancora&#8221;<\/strong><br \/>\nA Torino \u00e8 stata rinviata a giudizio\u00a0<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/torino.repubblica.it\/cronaca\/2016\/03\/19\/news\/torino_muore_per_un_melanoma_curato_con_la_piscoterapia_il_medico_a_processo-135830114\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Germana Durando<\/a><\/strong>, medico di base, con l&#8217;accusa di aver ucciso una donna nel 2014 usando la\u00a0medicina antisemita dello psicopatico pluriomicida Geerd Hamer (h\/t <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/MedBunker\/status\/711137904983195648\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medbunker<\/a>). Sar\u00e0 un&#8217;abitudine, nel 2003 era stata accusata di aver ucciso una bambina con l&#8217;<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/archivio.lastampa.it\/m\/articolo?id=666abe1a8b83ae85e8b69b49793369bacd20041f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">omeopatia<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Guglielmo Pepe, pro Stamina e anti-vax, \u00e8 contento dei (da lui presunti) conflitti d&#8217;interesse di Elena Cattaneo e se la prende con <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/MedBunker\/status\/712655307512610818\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medbunker<\/a><\/strong> che non li commenta.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">*<\/p>\n<p>Il calo delle vaccinazioni non \u00e8 colpa degli anti-vax, scrive l&#8217;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.economist.com\/news\/international\/21695387-some-western-countries-have-lower-vaccination-rates-poor-parts-africa-anti-vaxxers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Economist<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Although vaccine-hesitant parents often search for answers on the internet, their most trusted sources are doctors and nurses. &#8230; \u00a0But recent research from several European countries shows that many doctors and nurses are also hesitant about vaccines, for much the same reasons as their patients. <\/em>(la somministrazione di pi\u00f9 vaccini \u00a0&#8220;sovraccaricherebbe&#8221; il sistema immunitario dei bambini, ndt).<em>\u00a0 In a survey conducted in 2014, 16-43% of French family doctors said they never or only sometimes recommended some of the standard vaccines.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Speciale di Nature sulle 3 R &#8211; Risparmiare, Riciclare, Riusare: &#8211; \u00e8 il modo migliore per aumentare sia la sostenibilit\u00e0 che l&#8217;occupazione, ridurre i consumi di energia e le emissioni di gas serra, dice\u00a0Walter Stahel, l&#8217;architetto svizzero che ha coniato il termine &#8220;economia circolare&#8221; quarant&#8217;anni fa; &#8211; esempi concreti\u00a0dalla Rolls Royce all&#8217;agricoltura, e contraddizioni: la&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/2016\/03\/23\/os-digest-economia-circolare\/\">Continua a leggere <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">O&#039;s digest &#8211; Economia circolare<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,10,15,20],"tags":[1342,1644,2980,3980,4725,5178,5439,5886,5957,6426,7277],"class_list":["post-29701","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-astronomia","category-clima","category-economia","category-medicina","tag-ciarlatani","tag-corruzione","tag-germana-durando","tag-liberta-di-espressione","tag-nature","tag-paolo-macchiarini","tag-poli-lunari","tag-riciclaggio","tag-ritrattazione","tag-sostenibilita","tag-walter-stahel","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29701","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29701"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29701\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":44080,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29701\/revisions\/44080"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29701"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29701"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29701"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}