{"id":29755,"date":"2016-04-11T12:56:26","date_gmt":"2016-04-11T10:56:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ocasapiens-dweb.blogautore.repubblica.it\/?p=29755"},"modified":"2021-12-06T21:37:34","modified_gmt":"2021-12-06T20:37:34","slug":"editing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/2016\/04\/11\/editing\/","title":{"rendered":"Editing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Un anno fa, un gruppo di genetisti cinesi pubblicava i risultati &#8211; pessimi &#8211; della tecnica <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.genengnews.com\/gen-articles\/crispr-gene-editing-it-isnt-quite-as-easy-as-it-looks\/5200\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CRISPR-Cas9<\/a> <\/strong>che avevano usato per fare l&#8217;editing del genoma, cio\u00e8 correggere geni difettosi in ovuli fecondati &#8211; trisomici, e scartati come inadatti alla fecondazione artificiale.\u00a0<span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">Girava voce che in Cina altri laboratori ci avevano provato. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">Sul <\/span><em style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics<\/em><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">, X<\/span><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">iangjin\u00a0Kang et al. <\/span><strong><a style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10815-016-0710-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pubblicano<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\"> infatti &#8220;Introducing precise genetic modifications into human 3PN embryos by CRISP\/Cas-mediated genome editing&#8221;. <\/span>Modificazioni &#8220;precise&#8221; un corno. Concludono:<\/p>\n<p><em>We advocate preventing any application of genome editing on the human germline until after a rigorous and thorough evaluation and discussion are undertaken by the global research and ethics communities.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Spiega <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/second-chinese-team-reports-gene-editing-in-human-embryos-1.19718\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ewen Callaway<\/a><\/strong>, su <em>Nature<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p><em>Fan\u2019s team used CRISPR\u2013Cas9 genome editing to introduce into some of the embryos a mutation that cripples an immune-cell gene called\u00a0CCR5. Some humans naturally carry this mutation (known as\u00a0CCR5?32) and they are resistant to HIV, because the mutation alters the CCR5 protein in a way that prevents the virus from entering the T cells it tries to infect.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">Genetic analysis showed that 4 of 26 human embryos targeted were successfully modified. But not all the embryos\u2019 chromosomes harboured the\u00a0<\/span>CCR5<span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">?32 mutation \u2014 some contained unmodified\u00a0<\/span>CCR5<span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">, whereas others had acquired different mutations.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Il tasso di fallimento \u00e8 molto maggiore perch\u00e9 in partenza gli ovuli erano 213.<br \/>\nCon l&#8217;HIV non pare proprio\u00a0<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26796669?dopt=Abstract&amp;holding=npg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">funzionare<\/a><\/strong>.\u00a0Anche Zheng Wang et al. <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/hiv-overcomes-crispr-gene-editing-attack-1.19712\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scrivono<\/a> <\/strong>su <em>Cell Reports<\/em> che alcuni degli &#8220;indel&#8221; (inserimenti di DNA e cancellazione di quello esistente) nelle cellule T del sistema immunitario, inattivano l&#8217;HIV-1 mentre altri producono l&#8217;effetto opposto. Dopo due settimane, il virus era reso ancora pi\u00f9 aggressivo da mutazioni accanto al taglio fatto dall&#8217;enzima Cas9 nella sequenza-bersaglio.<\/p>\n<p>Ewen Callaway,<strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/hiv-overcomes-crispr-gene-editing-attack-1.19712\">again<\/a>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Liang thinks that mutations caused by copying errors do not explain HIV\u2019s triumph over CRISPR. Instead, his team contends that the mutations, which involved the insertion or deletion of a few DNA letters, occurred when Cas9 cut the viral DNA. <\/em>(&#8230;)<em> \u00a0And worse, the change in sequence means the virus can&#8217;t be recognized and targeted by T cells with the same machinery \u2014 effectively making it resistant to future attack.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Rispetto alle terapie geniche negli anni &#8217;90 o alle staminali nel decennio scorso, vengono pubblicati tanti risultati negativi. Cos\u00ec tutti invitano pi\u00f9 lavoro <em>in vitro<\/em> prima di pensare a terapie e si mettono a cercare soluzioni. I dubbi semmai vengono sugli 11 brevetti concessi dall&#8217;USPTO. A me sembrano prematuri e la <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/2015\/12\/29\/the-crispr-patent-interference-showdown-is-on-how-did-we-get-here-and-what-comes-next\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bagarre legale<\/a><\/strong> nella quale sono finiti un po&#8217; <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/news\/2016\/03\/accusations-errors-and-deception-fly-crispr-patent-fight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">insensata<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">***<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dark links<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La settimana scorsa,<em> Nature<\/em> ha anticipato un <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/vaop\/ncurrent\/full\/nature17159.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper <\/a><\/strong>su cause ed effetti dei sacrifici umani previsti dalle religioni:<\/p>\n<p><em>Here we test the social control hypothesis by applying Bayesian phylogenetic methods to a geographically and socially diverse sample of 93 traditional Austronesian cultures.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Joseph Watts et al. hanno ricostruito l&#8217;albero filogenetico della lingua di ciascuna, derivata da quella parlata dagli antenati partiti da Taiwan. In base a resoconti di missionari ed esploratori, hanno classificato le culture in &#8220;egualitarie&#8221;, &#8220;mediamente stratificate&#8221;, &#8220;molto stratificate&#8221;. Tutte praticavano &#8220;riti macabri&#8221;, di pi\u00f9 quelle molto stratificate:<\/p>\n<p><em>We find strong support for models in which human sacrifice stabilizes social stratification once stratification has arisen, and promotes a shift to strictly inherited class systems. Whilst evolutionary theories of religion have focused on the functionality of prosocial and moral beliefs, our results reveal a darker link between religion and the evolution of modern hierarchical societies.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Forse \u00e8 dubbia l&#8217;associazione tra la lingua e le pratiche culturali, trasmesse anche da popolazioni vicine o da invasori, quale culto &#8211; magari della personalit\u00e0 &#8211; non esige martiri e vittime?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">***<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mekongfishnetwork.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/MRB.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.mekongfishnetwork.org\/the-most-detaile-map-of-mekong-dams\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fonte<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Domani a Hanoi, vertice dell&#8217;<a href=\"http:\/\/blog.ciat.cgiar.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Center for Tropical Agriculture<\/a> con i paesi del Mekong, per cercare rimedi ai disastri della <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MekongDrought\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">siccit\u00e0<\/a><\/strong>, aggravati dalla salinit\u00e0 del delta causata dalle <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.internationalrivers.org\/files\/images\/campaign\/carl_middleton\/mekong_mainstream_dams.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dighe<\/a><\/strong>. Come annunciato da vent&#8217;anni, sigh&#8230; Quando saranno costruite anche le dighe previste, al posto di riso e pesce in Laos, Vietnam, Thailandia, Cambogia mangeranno brioche?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">***<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i.warosu.org\/data\/g\/img\/0462\/11\/1421940891780.gif\" alt=\"\" \/><br \/>\nMedbunker\u00a0<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2016\/04\/11\/cose-lomeopatia\/2625277\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">festeggia<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0la giornata mondiale dell&#8217;omeopatia. Il CICAP Friuli- Venezia-Giulia pure:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pbs.twimg.com\/media\/Cfv9ymyWQAAGGx8.jpg:large\" alt=\"\" \/><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/zilsel.hypotheses.org\/2548\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alain Badiou <\/a><\/strong>\u00e8 stato\u00a0<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/bigbrowser.blog.lemonde.fr\/2016\/04\/04\/faux-texte-et-fausse-philosophe-pour-denoncer-les-discours-supposement-profonds\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sokalizzato<\/a>.<br \/>\n<\/strong><br \/>\nI Panama Papers visti da <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/gmbugs\/status\/718480510113210368?lang=it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gianmarco Bachi<\/a><\/strong> (radio pop) &#8211; senza sarcasmo n\u00e9 molte speranze da <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.aneej.org\/2138-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ANEEJ<\/a>,<\/strong>\u00a0Nigeria.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Un anno fa, un gruppo di genetisti cinesi pubblicava i risultati &#8211; pessimi &#8211; della tecnica CRISPR-Cas9 che avevano usato per fare l&#8217;editing del genoma, cio\u00e8 correggere geni difettosi in ovuli fecondati &#8211; trisomici, e scartati come inadatti alla fecondazione artificiale.\u00a0Girava voce che in Cina altri laboratori ci avevano provato. Sul Journal of Assisted Reproduction&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/2016\/04\/11\/editing\/\">Continua a leggere <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Editing<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17,23],"tags":[448,1003,1267,1714,2636,3582,4978,5153,5810,6393],"class_list":["post-29755","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genetica","category-non-profit","tag-aneej","tag-brevetti","tag-cgiar","tag-crispr-cas9","tag-filosofia","tag-international-rivers-network","tag-omeopatia","tag-panama-papers","tag-religioni","tag-sociologia","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29755","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29755"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29755\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":44114,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29755\/revisions\/44114"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29755"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29755"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29755"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}