{"id":29819,"date":"2016-04-28T12:54:51","date_gmt":"2016-04-28T10:54:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ocasapiens-dweb.blogautore.repubblica.it\/?p=29819"},"modified":"2021-12-07T18:11:04","modified_gmt":"2021-12-07T17:11:04","slug":"cervelli-in-ascolto","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/2016\/04\/28\/cervelli-in-ascolto\/","title":{"rendered":"Cervelli in ascolto"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/gallantlab.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/NatureCover-228x300.png\" alt=\"NatureCover\" \/><br \/>\nAltro che aree di Broca e Wernicke! Quando fanno parte di un racconto le parole attivano neuroni a destra e manca su tutta la corteccia, <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/nature.com\/articles\/doi:10.1038\/nature17637\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scrivono <\/a><\/strong>su <em>Nature<\/em> di oggi Alexander Hunt et al. del <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/gallantlab.org\/semanticmovies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gallant Lab<\/a> <\/strong>all&#8217;UC-Berkeley.<\/p>\n<p>Per mappare la reazione ai fonemi nel cervello di cinque maschi e due femmine (tra cui un autore e un&#8217;autrice del paper), anglofoni di nascita (non c&#8217;\u00e8 scritto se sono monoglotti), tra i 26 e i 31 anni, sani e con un buon udito, li hanno infilati nello scanner per l&#8217;imaging e fatti ascoltare da cuffie <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crystal_earpiece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">piezo-elettriche<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>ten 10- to 15-min stories taken from <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/themoth.org\/radio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Moth Radio Hour<\/a><em>. In each story, a single speaker tells an autobiographical story in front of a live audience. The ten selected stories cover a wide range of topics and are highly engaging. Each story was played during a separate fMRI scan. The length of each scan was tailored to the story, and included 10?s of silence both before and after the story. These data were collected during two 2-h scanning sessions that were performed on different days. The model validation data set consisted of one 10-min story, also taken from\u00a0<\/em>The Moth Radio Hour<em>. This story was played twice for each subject (once during each scanning session), and then the two responses were averaged.\u00a0<\/em>(link aggiunto)<\/p>\n<p>Poi hanno proiettato i voxel (l&#8217;equivalente digitale del fonema o unit\u00e0 di suono) delle immagini su una mappa della corteccia, disegnando 77 aree semantiche &#8211; quelle attivate da parole il cui significato \u00e8 altamente correlato come &#8220;mese&#8221; e &#8220;settimane&#8221;, per esempio &#8211; nell&#8217;emisfero sinistro e 63 in quello destro.<br \/>\nO meglio, la proiezione \u00e8 stata fatta da un modello probabilistico bayesiano (PrAGMATiC), cio\u00e8 un algoritmo generativo, allenato in precedenza su 965 vocaboli di base suddivisi in 12 categorie:<\/p>\n<p><em>visual, tactile, numeric, locational, abstract, temporal, professional, violent, communal, mental, emotional and social,<\/em><\/p>\n<p>ognuna corrispondente a una &#8220;dimensione semantica&#8221; con 4 parametri, la quantit\u00e0 di data point \u00e8 mostruosa, qualche semplificazione \u00e8 inevitabile.<\/p>\n<p>Il modello tiene conto della variabilit\u00e0 individuale, ogni cavia ha un proprio &#8220;atlante&#8221; infatti, ma presume una selettivit\u00e0 uguale per tutti. Invece \u00e8 personalizzata dall&#8217;esperienza, &#8220;forno&#8221; &#8211; per dire &#8211; \u00a0\u00e8 altamente correlato a &#8220;pane&#8221;, ma dubito che lo sia per chi ha un&#8217;esperienza della Shoah, magari di seconda mano.<\/p>\n<p><em>One limitation of PrAGMATiC as used here is that each area is assumed to be functionally homogeneous. This is a common assumption in the design and analysis of many neuroimaging studies. However, many cortical maps, including semantic maps in visual cortex, seem to contain smoothly changing gradients of representation. <\/em><\/p>\n<p>Detto questo,<\/p>\n<p><em>One striking aspect of our atlas is that the distribution of semantically selective areas is relatively symmetrical across the two cerebral hemispheres. This finding is inconsistent with human lesion studies that support the idea that semantic representation is lateralized to the left hemisphere&#8230; This suggests that right hemisphere areas may respond more strongly to narrative stimuli than to the words and short phrases used in most studies.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Altro limite, i racconti sono autobiografici, quindi nei volontari si attivano principalmente le aree che altre ricerche hanno gi\u00e0 correlato all&#8217;attenzione agli altri e ai rapporti sociali. Detto questo<\/p>\n<p><em>Another interesting aspect of these results is that the organization of semantically selective brain areas seems to be highly consistent across individuals. This might suggest that innate anatomical connectivity or cortical cytoarchitecture constrains the organization of high-level semantic representations.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Altro limite ancora, sono omogenei anche i 7 volontari:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0It is also possible that this is owing to common life experiences of the subjects, all of whom were raised and educated in Western industrial societies. Future studies that include subjects from more diverse backgrounds will be needed to determine how much of this organizational consistency reflects innate brain structure versus experience.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>I caveat sono altrettanto interessanti delle conclusioni, insomma, e anche se lo strumento \u00e8 ancora un po&#8217; rozzo, gli autori sperano che sar\u00e0 utile:<\/p>\n<p><em>We expect that the semantic atlas presented here will be useful for many researchers investigating the neurobiological basis of language. We also expect that this atlas can be refined and expanded by incorporating results from future studies. To facilitate this, we have created a detailed interactive version of the semantic atlas that can be explored online at\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/gallantlab.org\/huth2016\">http:\/\/gallantlab.org\/huth2016<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ho un debole per chi offre una cassetta degli attrezzi, per\u00f2 mi sembra pi\u00f9 interessante per i neuroscienzati degli algoritmi derivati dalla mappatura di una frazione di corteccia di topo, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanbrainproject.eu\/2016-deliverables\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">messi a disposizione<\/a> dallo Human Brain Project europeo senza esperimenti funzionali che ne dimostrino la validit\u00e0 (e i limiti) e quindi senza istruzioni per l&#8217;uso in studi su volontari umani&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/news.berkeley.edu\/2016\/04\/27\/brain-thesaurus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Com. stampa<\/a> UC-Berkeley:<br \/>\n<em>While mind-reading technology remains far off on the horizon, charting how language is organized in the brain brings the decoding of inner dialogue a step closer to reality, the researchers said.<\/em><br \/>\n<em>For example, clinicians could track the brain activity of patients who have difficulty communicating and then match that data to semantic language maps to determine what their patients are trying to express. Another potential application is a decoder that translates what you say into another language as you speak.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">***<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/MSF?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bombardato<\/a> <\/strong>l&#8217;ospedale pediatrico di Aleppo, rimasto attivo grazie M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res.\u00a0Come <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/physiciansforhumanrights.org\/issues\/mass-atrocities\/syria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">documentato<\/a><\/strong> da Physicians for Human Rights, il governo siriano considera un bersaglio &#8220;legittimo&#8221; qualunque presidio medico nei territori controllati dai ribelli.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Altro che aree di Broca e Wernicke! Quando fanno parte di un racconto le parole attivano neuroni a destra e manca su tutta la corteccia, scrivono su Nature di oggi Alexander Hunt et al. del Gallant Lab all&#8217;UC-Berkeley. Per mappare la reazione ai fonemi nel cervello di cinque maschi e due femmine (tra cui un&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/2016\/04\/28\/cervelli-in-ascolto\/\">Continua a leggere <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Cervelli in ascolto<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,23],"tags":[287,323,574,814,1500,1703,2186,3447,4652],"class_list":["post-29819","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-neuroscienze","category-non-profit","tag-aleppo","tag-algoritmi-bayesiani","tag-aree-semantiche","tag-big-data","tag-cognizione","tag-crimini-di-guerra","tag-elaborazione-del-linguaggio","tag-imaging","tag-msf","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29819","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29819"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29819\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":44142,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29819\/revisions\/44142"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29819"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29819"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29819"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}