{"id":35953,"date":"2020-09-04T13:41:29","date_gmt":"2020-09-04T11:41:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ocasapiens-dweb.blogautore.repubblica.it\/?p=35953"},"modified":"2022-04-23T19:44:15","modified_gmt":"2022-04-23T17:44:15","slug":"democrazia-in-bilico","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/2020\/09\/04\/democrazia-in-bilico\/","title":{"rendered":"&quot;Democrazia in bilico&quot;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Oltre agli articoli d&#8217;attualit\u00e0 piuttosto deprimenti,\u00a0<em>Science<\/em> pubblica il numero speciale &#8220;Democracy in the balance&#8221;. L&#8217;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/369\/6508\/1174\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">introduzione<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0inizia cos\u00ec:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Around the world, democracy is losing ground. Polarization and disinformation have rendered liberals and conservatives unable to agree on basic facts. State violence and suppression of citizens&#8217; rights are resurgent. Free and fair elections are being threatened.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p id=\"p-4\">Siete avvisati. Per chi se la sente ci sono rassegne delle ricerche pi\u00f9 recenti in scienze politiche, con ampie bibliografie e uno sforzo per non parlare soltanto di quanto accade in USA:<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/369\/6508\/1192.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Susan Hyde<\/a><\/strong> dell&#8217;UC-Berkeley, sull&#8217;avanzata di populismo, autoritarismo e &#8220;pseudo-democrazia&#8221;;<br \/>\n<strong>&#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/369\/6508\/1188\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rohini Pande<\/a> <\/strong>di Yale sull&#8217;esclusione dei poveri dal processo democratico &#8211; dal potere &#8211;\u00a0 e su alcuni esperimenti dagli esiti positivi almeno per un po&#8217;;<br \/>\n<strong>&#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/369\/6508\/1197.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deen Freelon<\/a><\/strong> et al. dell&#8217;univ. North Carolina, sull&#8217;attivismo on-line di destra e di sinistra:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><em>available evidence suggests that the right has invested far more than the left in disinformation and conspiracy theories as core components of its activist repertoire, although a lack of similar research on the left makes comparisons difficult. These asymmetric trends hold important implications both for scholarship and for democratic practice.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>L&#8217;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/369\/6508\/1146\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">editoriale<\/a><\/strong> di Ronan Lordan et al., della Penn State, su come riaprire le scuole durante la pandemia \u00e8 anch&#8217;esso una rassegna di ricerche &#8211; ancora pi\u00f9 recenti e incerte.<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/369\/6508\/1151\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kai Kupferschmidt<\/a><\/strong> chiede a vari epidemiologi &#8220;Can Europe tame the pandemic&#8217;s next wave?&#8221; o succeder\u00e0 come in USA, Brasile e altri paesi? Risposta s\u00ec, a certe condizioni anche perch\u00e9<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Compared with the United States, Europe has one advantage as it faces its first pandemic winter: Control measures aren&#8217;t nearly as controversial. Protests against masks and social distancing broke out in many European cities in August, but they represented a small minority of the population&#8230;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Gli insetticidi sono una prima difesa contro la malaria, ma le zanzare ormai sempre pi\u00f9 resistenti ai piretroidi, quindi l&#8217;OMS ha autorizzato due anni fa l&#8217;uso della clothianidin, un neonicotininoide. Da uno studio fatto in Camerun per\u00f2, scrive <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/369\/6508\/1153\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Munyaradzi Makoni<\/a><\/strong>,<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><em>exposure to clothianidin for 1 hour killed 100% of\u00a0Anopheles coluzzii. But in some\u00a0A. gambiae\u00a0samples as many as 55% of the mosquitoes survived, the group reported in an online preprint last month.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Complimenti al direttore di <em>Science<\/em> per l&#8217;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/369\/6508\/1171.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Expression of concern<\/a><\/strong> neanche due mesi dopo che\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pubpeer.com\/publications\/B4C761167701BD73360EFEDC38FE0C\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elisabeth Bik<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0aveva identificato immagini riciclate su PubPeer e neanche un mese dopo che le aveva confermate Sylvain Bern\u00e8s.<\/p>\n<p>Non ho letto i paper, in compenso&#8230;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">*<\/p>\n<p>Con una serie di esperimenti e di osservazioni &#8220;sul campo&#8221;, su <em>Science Advances<\/em> &#8211; quindi in open access &#8211;\u00a0 <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/advances.sciencemag.org\/content\/6\/36\/eabb9785\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peeyush Khare et al.<\/a><\/strong> stimano la quantit\u00e0 di aerosol organici secondari (SOA, i PM2,5 principalmente) emessi dall&#8217;asfalto. Nel mondo, scrivono, se ne consumano 122,5 milioni di tonnellate\/anno, accid&#8230; soprattutto in citt\u00e0, inquinando l&#8217;aria con un quantit\u00e0 di roba mefitica che aumenta insieme alla temperatura locale:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><em>On urban scales, annual estimates of asphalt-related SOA precursor emissions exceed those from motor vehicles and substantially increase existing estimates from noncombustion sources. Yet, their emissions and impacts will be concentrated during the hottest, sunniest periods with greater photochemical activity and SOA production.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Mascherina d&#8217;inverno contro i virus e d&#8217;estate contro il particolato, insomma.<\/p>\n<p>A proposito di mascherine e delle loro &#8220;alternative&#8221;, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/advances.sciencemag.org\/content\/6\/36\/eabd3083\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emma Fisher et al<\/a>.<\/strong> di Duke hanno inventato un sistema ancora un po&#8217; rozzo ma perfettibile per verificare se trattengono le goccioline prima di raccomandarne l&#8217;uso a miliardi di persone:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><em>In brief, an operator wears a face mask and speaks into the direction of an expanded laser beam inside a dark enclosure. Droplets that propagate through the laser beam scatter light, which is recorded with a cell phone camera. A simple computer algorithm is used to count the droplets in the video.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Cellulare a parte, costa sui 200 dollari.<\/p>\n<p>A proposito di democrazia statunitense, e degli spot televisivi per i quali candidati e partiti spendono milioni di dollari\/settimana durante la campagna elettorale, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/advances.sciencemag.org\/content\/6\/36\/eabc4046\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alexander Coppock et al.<\/a> <\/strong>hanno cercato di misurarne l&#8217;effetto persuasivo sugli elettori:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The present study is unusual in its size (34,000 nationally representative subjects) and breadth of treatments (a purposive sample of 49 of the highest-profile presidential advertisements fielded in the midst of the 2016 presidential election), allowing us to systematically investigate how variations in message, context, sender, or receiver condition persuasive effects\u2014while holding all other tools of the research design constant.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Ogni volta, l&#8217;effetto persuasivo era minuscolo.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We suggest two conclusions. First, the marginal effect of advertising is small but detectable; thus, candidates and campaigns may not be wrong to allocate scarce resources to television advertising because, in a close election, these small effects could be the difference between winning and losing. Second, the expensive efforts to target or tailor advertisements to specific audiences require careful consideration. The evidence from our study shows that the effectiveness of advertisements does not vary greatly from person to person or from advertisement to advertisement.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Oltre agli articoli d&#8217;attualit\u00e0 piuttosto deprimenti,\u00a0Science pubblica il numero speciale &#8220;Democracy in the balance&#8221;. L&#8217;introduzione\u00a0inizia cos\u00ec: Around the world, democracy is losing ground. Polarization and disinformation have rendered liberals and conservatives unable to agree on basic facts. State violence and suppression of citizens&#8217; rights are resurgent. Free and fair elections are being threatened. Siete avvisati.&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/2020\/09\/04\/democrazia-in-bilico\/\">Continua a leggere <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">&quot;Democrazia in bilico&quot;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,9,25,26,27],"tags":[614,3541,4265,6222,6468],"class_list":["post-35953","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ambiente","category-chimica","category-politica","category-psicologia","category-sanita","tag-asfalto","tag-inquinamento","tag-mascherine","tag-scuole","tag-spot-elettorali","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35953","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35953"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35953\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":46981,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35953\/revisions\/46981"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35953"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35953"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archivio.ocasapiens.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35953"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}